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. After the fall of, the many were conquered by the.
Prior to the, the province of was a part of the Inca empire, while the northern and eastern lowlands were inhabited by independent nomadic tribes. Spanish, arriving from and took control of the region in the 16th century.
During most of the Spanish colonial rule, Bolivia was known as and administered by the. After the 1st call for independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Bolivian Republic, named for the Liberator, on August 6, 1825. Since then Bolivia has endured regular periods of political and economic instability, including the loss of various provinces to its neighbors, such as, parts of the and, making it a land-locked country.
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Cultures of developed in the high altitude settings of with low oxygen levels, poor soils and extreme weather patterns. The better suited lowlands were sparsely inhabited by hunter-gatherer societies while much of the pre-Columbian population was concentrated in altiplano valleys of. Potato was domesticated near Lake Titicaca, some 3000–4000 years ago and production of copper began in 2000 BC., and were domesticated and used for transport, food and clothing.
Arrived in the region some 2000 years ago, eventually settling in Western Bolivia, Southern and Northern. Present-day Aymaras associate themselves with the advanced culture of, which after 600 became an important regional power. According to early estimates, at its maximum extent, the city covered approximately 6.5 square kilometers, and had between 15,000 - 30,000 inhabitants. However, satellite imaging was used recently to map the extent of 'flooded-raised fields' ( suka qullu) across the three primary valleys of Tiwanaku, arriving at population-carrying capacity estimates of anywhere between 285,000 and 1,482,000 people.
Isbell states that 'Tiahuanaco underwent a dramatic transformation between AD 600 and 700 that established new monumental standards for civic architecture and greatly increased the resident population.' Tiwanaku gained its power through the trade it implemented between all of the cities within its empire. After 950 a dramatic shift in climate occurred and there was a significant drop in precipitation for the Titicaca Basin. Tiwanaku disappeared around AD 1150 because food production collapses and could no longer sustain the large population. The land was not inhabited for many years after that. Between 1438 and 1527 the embarked on a mass expansion, acquiring much of what is now western Bolivia under their 9th emperor, whose reign lasted from 1438 to 1471. Pachacuti Yupanqui was succeeded by his son, whose reign also increased the Incan territory and lasted from 1471 to 1493.
During the 15th century the Incas conquered the region of Lake Titicaca and western Bolivia became a part of the Inca territory as province of. Spanish colonial period Conquest by Spain.
Inca expansion (1438–1533 CE), and led the Spanish discovery and conquest of the. They first sailed south in 1524 along the Pacific coast from to confirm the existence of a legendary land of gold called 'Biru' (later altered to Peru). Because the rapidly expanding Inca Empire was internally weak, the conquest was remarkably easy. After the Inca Emperor died in 1527, his sons and fought over the succession. Although Atahualpa defeated his brother, he had not yet consolidated his power when the conquistadors arrived. Atahualpa did not attempt to defeat Pizarro when he arrived on the coast in 1532 because the Incan ruler was convinced that those who commanded the mountains also controlled the coast. Atahualpa’s refusal to accept the permanent Spanish presence and to convert to Christianity led to the bloody on November 16, 1532.
Pizarro killed Atahualpa's 12-man honor guard and took the Inca captive at the so-called. One year later, the Inca capital of fell and was refounded as a new Spanish settlement. Francisco Pizarro Despite Pizarro's quick victory, Inca rebellions soon began and continued periodically throughout the colonial period.
In 1537, whom the Spanish had established as a puppet emperor, rebelled against the new rulers and restored a 'neo-Inca' state. This state continued to challenge Spanish authority even after the Spanish suppressed the revolt and beheaded in the public square of Cuzco in 1572. Later revolts in the Bolivian highlands were usually organized by the elders of the community and remained local in nature, except for the great rebellion of.
During the first two decades of Spanish rule, the settlement of the Bolivian highlands — now known as Upper Peru ( Alto Peru) or — was delayed by a between the forces of Pizarro. The two had divided the Incan territory, with the north under the control of Pizarro and the south under that of Almagro.
Fighting broke out in 1537 when Almagro seized Cuzco after suppressing the Manco Inca rebellion. Pizarro defeated and executed Almagro in 1538, but was himself assassinated three years later by former supporters of Almagro. Pizarro's brother Gonzalo assumed control of Upper Peru but soon became embroiled in a rebellion against the Spanish crown. Only with the execution of in 1548 did Spanish crown succeed in reasserting its authority; later that year colonial authorities established the city of, which soon became an important commercial center. The conquest and colonial rule were traumatic experiences for the. Easily susceptible to European diseases, the native population decreased rapidly.
However, resistance of indigenous people of the Bolivian lowlands managed to delay the conquest and settlement their lands. The Spanish established in 1561, but the (colonial name for the arid region) remained a wild frontier throughout colonial rule. In the Chaco, the Indians, mostly, carried out unrelenting attacks against colonial settlements and remained independent of direct Spanish control. Spanish administration. Bolivia during the Peru-Bolivian Confederation During the presidency of Marshal, Bolivia enjoyed the most successful period of her history with great social and economic advancement. Santa Cruz got involved in internal Peruvian political problems and succeeded in unifying Peru and Bolivia into a confederation, the.
As Santa Cruz openly declared the as a predecessor of his state, this move was perceived as a threat to regional power balance and a menace to countries on former Inca territory. The broke out and different wars against almost all its neighbors were fought during this period with sound of number one victory royales against its enemies. Arguably, the turning point took place on the fields of Paucarpata, where the Confederacion Peru-Boliviana, led by Santa Cruz, forced the Chilean and Peruvian rebel armies to sign the peace treaty known as the Paucarpata Treaty, which included their unconditional surrender; later this treaty was discarded by the Chilean parliament. The rebel Peruvians and the Chilean army set off to a new war against Santa Cruz, defeating the Confederation at the. This was the turning point in Bolivian history; after this moment, coups and short-lived constitutions dominated Bolivian politics for nearly 40 years.
Going through a vicious economic and political crisis, Bolivia's military weakness was demonstrated during the (1879–83), when it lost its Pacific seacoast and the adjoining rich fields to. An increase in the world price of silver brought Bolivia a measure of relative prosperity and political stability in the late 1800s. During the early part of the 20th century, about 1907, tin replaced silver as the country's most important source of wealth. A succession of Liberal governments applied policies through the first third of the century. 20th century.
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Main article: The deterioration of the political system contributed towards the rise of a loose confederation of indigenous social movements, the and other parties, with the head of the MAS, a former, as leader. In the Evo Morales and MAS obtained a comfortable victory reaching 54% of the electorate's votes, becoming the first Indigenous Bolivian president in history. On 1 May 2006, Evo Morales delivered on his promises to nationalize most of Bolivia's natural gas fields, which many indigenous Bolivians had demanded for years.
Troops were sent in to occupy the gas fields and take back control from foreign companies that same day. Many were operated by, Brazil's largest energy company, and this political development was expected to strain relations between Morales and Brazilian president. On 29 October 2006, the Morales government signed agreements with eight foreign gas firms including Petrobras, to give the Bolivian national gas company a majority stake in the gas fields, bringing the nationalization to completion. In late August 2007, the MAS purged the Constitutional Tribunal of magistrates that voted earlier in the year against Morales' move to fill Supreme Court vacancies while Congress was in recess. The purge dismantled the outlet for arbitration between branches of government. On 4 May 2008, autonomy referendums were held in four eastern departments, in which they declared themselves autonomous from the central government. All four referendums passed.
Evo Morales deemed this referendum illegal. Turnout was as low as 70%. In February 2009 a new constitution was enacted by Evo Morales. This gave Bolivians of indigenous descent more economic and political rights.
See also. Further reading.